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Industrial ecology (IE) is a systems approach to thinking about an industrial system as part of the environment, not in isolation from it, where the total quantity of materials and energy used from virgin material, to finished material, to component, to product, to obsolete product, and to ultimate disposal is optimized. It examines local, regional, and global uses and flows of materials and energy in products, processes, industrial sectors, and economies and focuses on the potential role of industry in reducing environmental impacts throughout the product life cycle.
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Keywords
industrial
symbiosis, discard cycling, closed loop, manufacturing, life-cycle
assessment, waste as raw materials, sustainable materials, material use
reduction, waste reduction, waste cycling, industrial ecosystem, energy
efficiency, pollution reduction, material flows, energy flows,
dematerialization, decarbonization, ecodesign, design for the
environment, extended producer responsibility, product stewardship,
ecoindustrial parks, product-oriented environmental policy,
ecoefficiency, industrial pollution, environmental sustainability, true
cost accounting, cradle-to-cradle, cradle-to-grave, material
substitutions, waste mining, emissions, by-products, remanufacturing,
residual products, water conservation, energy conservation, reuse,
solid waste, liquid waste, gas waste aerosol waste, toxicity or
ecotoxicity, noise, odor, occupational health, material good, waste
recovery, water efficiency, sustainable design
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